荆州长江公路大桥运营阶段健康观测浅析

介绍了荆州长江公路大桥运营阶段健康观测的内容，对健康观测的结果进行了初步分析，为大桥的工作状况评估、养护与管理等工作提供了依据，同时也可供其他同类桥梁运营期健康观测参考。     

黏土微结构参数的相关分析和主成分分析

将统计学中的相关分析和主成分分析方法引入到对土微结构参数的研究之中,并给出了具体分析方法。从而不仅可以消除不同微结构参数在反映土体内部机理方面存在的"部分信息重复"现象,而且可以大大降低微结构参数的维数。根据对累积贡献率的要求不同,可以用不同数目的主成分近似表达所有微结构参数携带的大部分信息,这使得微结构参数的广泛应用成为可能。降维得到的主成分指标,可以用来建立本构方程、强度准则等土力学关系,以反映土微结构特征与宏观力学现象之间的固有联系;并可以利用建立的关系研究土微结构再造过程。对由64幅SEM照片组成的黏土样本进行的域微结构分析表明,微结构参数之间存在明显的"信息重复"现象,2个主成分就可以反映6个原始微结构参数95.28%的信息,从而达到了降维目的。     

Coagulation dynamics of fractal flocs induced by enmeshment and electrostatic patch mechanisms

The size and structure of flocs during floc formation were monitored for various coagulation mechanisms. Two distinctive mechanisms, namely, enmeshment and electrostatic patch, govern the dynamics of kaolin particles coagulation by polyaluminum chloride (PACl). They were investigated by small angle static light scattering (SASLS) and solid-state ²⁷Al NMR. In addition, a novel wet SEM (WSEM) was used in-situ to image the morphology of the aggregate in aqueous solution. Synthetic suspended particles were coagulated by two PACl products, a commercial product (PACl) and one laboratory product (PACl-E). The PACl-E contained more than 60% Al₁₃ while the PACl contained only 7% Al₁₃, with large percentage of colloidal Al. For coagulation by PACl at neutral pH and high dosage where the strong repulsion between particles occurs, the enmeshment ruled by reaction-limited aggregation (RLA) results in larger sweep flocs as well as higher fractal dimensional structure. For coagulation by PACl-E at alkaline pH and low dosage, the flocs were coagulated predominately by electrostatic patch with Al₁₃ aggregates. At such condition, it is likely that diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) predominately rule PACl-E coagulation. The fractal dimension (D_s) values of PACl and PACl-E flocs formed at enmeshment and electrostatic patch increased with dosage, respectively. When breakage of flocs occurs, the breakage rate of PACl-E flocs is slower than that of sweep flocs. By WSEM imaging, the adsorption of spherical Al precipitates onto the particles was observed to form sweep flocs with a rough and ragged contour, while the PACl-E flocs were formed with a smooth and glossy structure.     

白腐真菌膜生物反应器对活性染料废水的脱色效果

应用构建的合体式及分体式白腐真菌膜生物反应器，研究了在非灭菌环境下对活性艳红X-3B染料废水的脱色效果，并借助扫描电镜观察、分析了处理过程中生物膜的结构及其变化情况。结果表明，在非灭菌环境下，白腐真菌膜生物反应器能够有效降解活性艳红染料，2个反应器在起始阶段的脱色率上升迅速，对浓度为50mg／L的染料，处理时间为1d的脱色率可达65％左右，4d的脱色率〉80％，脱色率随染料废水浓度的增高和处理时间的延长而降低。与此同时，白腐真菌生物膜出现了生物量下降、菌丝聚缩成团等受损现象。为保证白腐真菌在初始时就占有优势，所接种的白腐真菌需在经灭菌的培养基中长至菌丝球形成，同时在启动前应对反应器进行清洗和消毒。进水负荷过高及杂菌的感染是造成白腐真菌生物膜结构改变及脱色效果下降的主要原因，因此在运行中适当控制染料废水的浓度或适时停加染料废水并补充培养液，对修复白腐真菌生物膜的结构及降解功能是十分必要的。     

水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料涂层基体的微观分析

运用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射对水泥基渗透鲒晶型防水材料（CCCW）涂层混凝土基体进行了微观分析，结果表明：CCCW的活性化学物质渗透进入混凝土内部，与混凝土基体发生化学作用生成不溶针状晶体，并且离涂层越远，所能够渗入的活性物质量越少。     

Sorption of phosphorous to Filtralite-P--the effect of different scales

Sorption of P to the filter material Filtralite-P was examined at a small, medium and large scale. In the small- and meso-scale laboratory models, the sorbed amount of total phosphorus (P) was heterogeneously distributed with more P sorbed in the inlet zone and the bottom layers. The full-scale system had, on the other hand, the highest sorbed concentration in the outlet region. The overall P sorption capacity of the material was 8030, 4990 and 521 mg P kg(-1) Filtralite-P for Box 1, Box 2 and meso scale, respectively. This equals 4.4, 2.8 and 0.29 kg P m(-3) material, respectively. However, the maximum sorption capacities found were 2500, 3887 and 4500 mg P kg(-1) Filtralite-P for the two small-scale box systems and the meso-scale container, respectively. In the full-scale system the overall P sorption capacity of the material was 52 mg P kg(-1) Filtralite-P (0.029 kg P m(-3) Filtralite-P with a maximum sorbed amount of P of 249 mg P kg(-1). Results from both the small- and meso-scale system show that when a constructed wetland (CW) is saturated, i.e. when the outlet concentration has reached its maximum allowed concentration of 1.0 mg P l(-1), only parts of the filter material will have reached the sorption capacity. Sequential extractions of Filtralite-P showed that the loosely bound P, Ca-P and Al-P were the primary P sorption pools both in the small-scale models and in the full-scale CW. However, the proportion of these three fractions varied with time and change in pH. A white product precipitated in the outlet zone of both the small-scale box models as well as the onsite CW. The surface of these precipitation particles was identified by X-ray diffraction and SEM method as CaCO3 and precipitated Ca- and Mg-phosphates.     

岩石细观结构量化试验研究

岩石是一种多尺度材料,以往的研究大多是在宏观尺度下进行的,由于岩石在外部荷载作用下的断裂乃至破坏是由于处于细观尺度的微裂隙的增长和贯通引起的,所以对处于细观尺度的微裂隙进行量化分析,对于了解和研究岩石的力学性质有一定的意义.首先,基于损伤理论建立一套岩石细观量化试验方法,利用扫描电镜对四川锦屏大理岩进行观测,得到大量岩石细观结构图片.基于数字图像处理理论,利用区域生长算法对图片进行处理,并编制相关程序实现图像增强和图像分割,从分割后的二值化图像中提取微裂隙的长度、方位角、宽度、面积和周长等细观信息.然后,利用统计学理论对获取到的微裂隙细观信息进行统计分析,得到各参数的统计规律,进一步利用Monte Carlo理论模拟岩石细观结构体积表征单元.最后,依据几何损伤理论得到岩石细观结构体积表征单元的初始损伤张量,将其引入到G.Swoboda的损伤理论中,模拟得到单轴压缩试验和常规三轴压缩试验的应力-应变关系,并与实际试验的结果进行比较.结果显示可以较准确模拟2种力学状态下的应力-应变关系.     

复合纳米材料对混凝土及水泥砂浆的性能影响

研究了加入不同比例复合纳米材料和掺30～40％四掺复合掺合料的胶砂和C40级混凝土的性能。对复配的C40级混凝土试块进行了氯离子和硫酸盐侵蚀试验、对复配净浆试块进行了扫描电镜（SEM）和差示扫描量热（DSC）测试。并讨论了复合纳米材料在混凝土中的不同加入方式。结果表明：相对于基准C40级混凝土。掺入复合掺合料和复合纳米材料配制的C40级混凝土的流动性和抗硫酸盐、氯离子侵蚀的能力均有所增强，其抗压强度提高约20％；复合纳米材料掺入减水剂用于混凝土的效果优于掺入复合掺合料用于混凝土。复合纳米材料掺入减水剂中可以很好地解决纳米材料易于团聚的问题，确定了复合纳米材料的掺入方式是将复合纳米材料掺入减水剂中，掺入量为减水剂质量的0．5-1．0％．     

Improved design and data interpretation of a multi-purpose borehole testing device for soft rock

The authors previously developed a multi-purpose borehole testing device (BTD). The purpose of the BTD was designed for obtaining mechanical properties including anisotropic elastic modulus and interface shear strength properties for soft rock that may be easily disturbed during sampling. Since the creation of the previous BTD, a few minor problems were experienced during in situ testing operation. In the present work, improvements both in equipment design and data interpretation were made. Improved design of BTD successfully reduced the chance for pressure meter test (PMT) membrane breakage, allowed larger expansion of borehole jack test (BJT), improved the waterproof of the bottom compartment and made easy for the whole equipment setup. The refined design has improved the in situ performance of BTD. New approach of data interpretation was also proposed. A series of BTD tests, including BJTs, borehole plate loading tests and borehole shear tests were carried out to demonstrate the capability of the refined borehole test device.     

沥青稳定再生集料的试验研究

采用钠水玻璃、有机硅树脂和硅烷偶联剂强化再生集料(RA),测试未强化和强化再生集料的压碎值、磨耗值、吸水率和黏附性,优选强化剂;采用扫描电镜观察未强化和强化再生集料的表面微观形貌,探讨强化剂强化再生集料的机理;采用再生粗集料和天然细集料配制沥青稳定再生集料(ATRA),然后进行车辙试验、低温弯曲试验和水稳定性试验,测定沥青稳定再生集料的路用性能.结果表明:再生集料存在孔隙和微裂缝,致使其压碎值、磨耗值和吸水率较高,黏附性较低;有机硅树脂对再生集料综合性能强化效果优于硅烷偶联剂和钠水玻璃;有机硅树脂强化后再生集料的大部分孔隙被有效封堵,微裂缝得到一定程度上的修复,再生集料的抗压碎性能和黏附性提高,吸水性降低;当采用未强化再生粗集料时,沥青稳定再生集料的平均弯曲应变、残留稳定度和冻融劈裂强度比均不满足JTG F40—2004规范要求;当采用2%(质量分数)有机硅树脂强化再生粗集料时,沥青稳定再生集料的路用性能大幅提高,能满足JTG F40—2004规范的相关要求.